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\begin{document}

\title{\Large\Tengwar{2\textasciitilde m 1Rx\#6 aiy7]ls}\\A Proposal for a Welsh ‘full mode’ of Tengwar}
\author{Jehudá Ronén\footnote{Please report any mistake to \url{rumpelstilzchen AT gmail DOT com}.}}
\date{\Tengwar{ôûññ=ó}}
\maketitle

\section{Tengwar}

\begin{center}
%\large
{
\begin{tabular}{ll|ll|ll|ll}
	\Tengwar{1} & \C{t}   &  \Tengwar{q} & \C{p}   &  \Tengwar{a} & \C{c}   &  \Tengwar{z} & \C{cw}\\ 
	\Tengwar{2} & \C{d}   &  \Tengwar{w} & \C{b}   &  \Tengwar{s} & \C{g}   &  \Tengwar{x} & \C{gw}\\ 
	\Tengwar{3} & \C{th}  &  \Tengwar{e} & \C{ff, ph}  &  \Tengwar{d} & \C{ch}  &  \Tengwar{c} & \C{}\\ 
	\Tengwar{4} & \C{dd}  &  \Tengwar{r} & \C{f}   &  \Tengwar{f} & \C{}    &  \Tengwar{v} & \C{}\\ 
	\Tengwar{5} & \C{nn}  &  \Tengwar{t} & \C{mm}  &  \Tengwar{g} & \C{ng}  &  \Tengwar{b} & \C{}\\ 
	\Tengwar{6} & \C{n}   &  \Tengwar{y} & \C{m}   &  \Tengwar{h} & \C{o}   &  \Tengwar{n} & \C{w}\\ 
	\hline
	\Tengwar{7} & \C{r}   &  \Tengwar{u} & \C{rh}  &  \Tengwar{j} & \C{l}   &  \Tengwar{m} & \C{ll}\\ 
	\Tengwar{8} & \C{s}   &  \Tengwar{i} & \C{y}   &  \Tengwar{k} & \C{}    &  \Tengwar{,} & \C{z}\\ 
	\Tengwar{9} & \C{h}   &  \Tengwar{o} & \C{chw} &  \Tengwar{l} & \C{e}   &  \Tengwar{.} & \C{w}\\
	\Tengwar{]} & \C{a}   &  \Tengwar{`} & \C{i}   &  \Tengwar{\textasciitilde} & \C{u}   &  \Tengwar{½} & (gasdil)
\end{tabular}}
\end{center}


\begin{description}
	\item [\Tengwar{n}, \Tengwar{.}:] 
		\Tengwar{n} represents the consonantic value of ‘\C{w}’ (as in \TC{nl2`}{wedi}), while \Tengwar{.} represents its vocalic value (as in \TC{a]2.}{cadw})
	\item [\Tengwar{6}, \Tengwar{y}, \Tengwar{g}:]
		\C{nh}, \C{mh} and \C{ngh} (as in \C{'nhad}, \C{ymhobman} and \C{yng nghwsg}) have no obvious equivalent in Tengwar. Thus, I chose to use an overdot in order to indicate them, e.g.\ \TC{6T]2}{'nhad}, \TC{iyThwy]6}{ymhobman} and \TC{ig g\%.8s}{yng nghwsg}.
	\item [\Tengwar{½}:]
		as in Sindarin, it is used to indicate a lenited \C{g}, e.g.\ \TC{i7 ½]74}{yr ardd}, compared to \TC{s]74}{gardd}.
	\item [\Tengwar{8}, \Tengwar{,}:]
		in order to denote ‘\C{si}’ as in \C{siop} (or ‘\C{sh}’ as in \C{shwd}), {\fontspec{Junicode}ʃ}, \Tengwar{8Î} is used (\TC{8Îhq}{siop}). The same holds to ‘\C{j}’ and \Tengwar{,Í} (\TC{,Íhw}{job}). The palatal tehta (=diacritical mark) is taken from the classical Quenya mode of Tengwar; using it, even though it mixes two different modes, seems better to me than writing \Tengwar{8`hq} for \C{siop}.
\end{description}

\section{Tehtar}

\begin{description}
	\item [Nasalised consonants:]
		%When a nasal of the same \emph{téma} (series; row on the table above) precedes a consonant, the complex ‘\textsc{nas}+\textsc{consonant}’ is not written with two tengwar, but with a bar or a tilde-like sign above.
		Appendix~E of the Lord of the Rings states ‘a bar (or a sign like a Spanish \emph{tilde}) placed above a consonant was often used to indicate that it was preceded by the nasal of the same series (as in \emph{nt}, \emph{mp}, or \emph{nk})’ (the nasals are \C{n}, \C{m} and \C{ng} [{\fontspec{Junicode}ŋ}]). Thus, for example, \C{mynd} is not written \Tengwar{yi62} but \Tengwar{yi2P}, \C{cwmpas} is not written \Tengwar{a.yq]8} but \Tengwar{a.qp]8}, and \C{cainc} (phonetically ‘{\fontspec{Junicode}kaiŋk}’) is not written \Tengwar{a]Ö6a} or \Tengwar{a]Öga} but \Tengwar{a]Öap}.\\
		One important exception is when the nasal and the consonant after it belong to different morphemes; in this situation, they are written using their respective tengwar. Thus, \C{Llandeilo} (\C{llan}+\C{Teilo}) is written \Tengwar{m]62lÖjh}.
	\item [Labialised consonants:]
		Except for \C{cw}, \C{gw} and \C{chw} — which are written with their own tengwar (\Tengwar{z}, \Tengwar{x} and \Tengwar{o}) — a consonantic \C{w} following a consonant or forming a diphthong (e.g.\ \C{aw} as in \C{brawd}) is written as a mirrored tilde above the preceding tengwa, e.g.\ \TC{w7]ê2}{brawd}, \TC{w]74è]é2}{barddwawd} and \TC{y]7éhj}{marwol}; but \TC{2.F]2}{dŵad} (\C{ŵ} is a vowel), \TC{z]718}{cwarts} and \TC{xl6}{gwen} (there are designated tengwar for \C{cw} and \C{gw}).\\
		Lenited \C{gw} is \Tengwar{½n}.
	\item [Long vowels:]
		Long vowels, which are indicated in the Latin script by a circumflex (ˆ), are indicated here by an ‘\emph{andaith}’, a diagonal stroke above the tengwa, e.g.\ \TC{]F}{â}, \TC{.F}{ŵ}, \TC{lR}{ê}, etc.
	\item [Diphthongs:]
		As mentioned above, diphthongs which end with \C{-w} are indicated by the mirrored tilde tehta. Diphthongs which end with \C{-i}, \C{-u}, \C{-y} or \C{-e} are written using double dots (\TC{]Ö}{ai, au, ae}, etc.) However, Appendix~E of the Lord of the Rings states ‘[…] But the diphthongs were often written out in full, as in the transcription’ (i.e.\ with two tengwar); this is particularly advisable when the glide is of a separated morpheme, as in \TC{]` d]3}{a'i chath}.
\end{description}

\section{Mutations}

One can see how well Tengwar fits for Welsh (or Sindarin…) by looking at the way mutations systematically transforms the graphical shape of the tengwar:

\begin{tabular}{l|lll}
	radical & soft & nasal & spirant\\
	\hline
	\TC{1}{t} & \TC{2}{d} & \TC{6T}{nh}  & \TC{3}{th}\\ 
	\TC{q}{p} & \TC{w}{b} & \TC{yT}{mh}  & \TC{e}{ph}\\ 
	\TC{a}{c} & \TC{s}{g} & \TC{g\%}{ngh}& \TC{d}{ch}\\ 
	\TC{2}{d} & \TC{4}{dd}& \TC{6}{n}    & ~\\ 
	\TC{w}{b} & \TC{r}{f} & \TC{y}{m}    & ~\\ 
	\TC{s}{g} & \TC{½}{-} & \TC{g}{ng}   & ~\\ 
	\TC{m}{ll}& \TC{j}{l} & ~ & ~\\ 
	\TC{u}{rh}& \TC{7}{r} & ~ & ~\\ 
	\TC{y}{m} & \TC{r}{f} & ~ & ~
\end{tabular}


%\section{Numerals}

%\newcommand{\twogen}[2]{\begin{tabular}{c}#1\\#2\end{tabular}}
%\begin{tabular}{ccc}
%	\Tengwar{ñ} 1 & \Tengwar{ò} 2 & \Tengwar{ó} 3\\
%	\TC{\textasciitilde 6}{un} &
%	\twogen{\TC{2P`}{dwy} (\fem)}{\TC{2]Ö}{dau} (\masc)} &
%	\twogen{\TC{1]Ö7}{tair} (\fem)}{\TC{17`}{tri} (\masc)}\\
%	~\\
%	\Tengwar{ô} 4 & \Tengwar{õ} 5 & \Tengwar{ö} 6\\
%	\twogen{\TC{ql2]Ö7}{pedair} (\fem)}{\TC{ql2P]7}{pedwar} (\masc)} &
%	\TC{q\textasciitilde q}{pump} &
%	\TC{old}{chwech}\\
%	~\\
%	\Tengwar{÷} 7 & \Tengwar{ø} 8 & \Tengwar{ù} 9\\
%	\TC{8]Ö3}{saith} &
%	\TC{n`3}{wyth} &
%	\TC{6]ê}{naw}\\
%	~\\
%	(\Tengwar{ú} A) & (\Tengwar{û} B) & \Tengwar{ð} 0\\
%	\TC{2ls}{deg} &
%	\TC{\textasciitilde 6 ]7 4ls}{un ar ddeg} &
%	\TC{2`y}{dim}
%\end{tabular}



\section{Example}

%\begin{parcolumns}[sloppyspaces=true]{2}
%	\example
%	{=- qh r.Ö]r i a.8s = 9.Ö]r i7 lÖ6`hl8 -=}
%	{Po fwyaf y cwsg, hwyaf yr einioed}
%\end{parcolumns}

\begin{parcolumns}[sloppyspaces=true]{2}
	\example
	{\upshape \textbf{2]1s]6`]2 aie7l2`6hj h 9]êj`]Ö 2i6hj}}
	{\upshape \textbf{Datganiad Cyffredinol o Hawliau Dynol}}

	\example
	{\textbf{=-l73isj ñ-=} sl6`7 q]êw i6 ui4 ]a i6 si27]4 ]F` s`ji4 ylé6 \textasciitilde 74]8 ] 9]êj`]Ö~- rl\textasciitilde\ ai6i8s]l4`7 ]F ul8.y ] di2èiwh2~= ] 2ij]Ö q]êw iy4èi6 i 6]Öm ]1 i m]m ylé6 i8w7i2 aiyh2jh6}
	{\textbf{Erthygl 1.} Genir pawb yn rhydd ac yn gydradd â'i gilydd mewn urddas a hawliau. Fe'u cynysgaeddir â rheswm a chydwybod, a dylai pawb ymddwyn y naill at y llall mewn ysbryd cymodlon.\\
	\href{http://www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/udhr/udhr_cy.mp3}{\normalfont [$\rightarrow$Listen]}}

	\example
	{\textbf{=-l73isj ò-=} i y]Ö s]6 w]éw 9]éj `7 9hm 9]éj`]Ö ]7 ui4r7lÖ1p`]Ö ] 6h2`7 i6 i 2]1s]6`]2 9.6~= 9lw \textasciitilde 6uié ½n]9]6`]Ö3 h s.wj~= i6 ]7wl5`s \textasciitilde 6uié ½n]9]6`]Ö3 9`j~= m`ë~= uié~= `]Ö3~= a7lri4~= w]76 whj`1`a]Ö4 6lÖ \textasciitilde 6uié r]76 ]7]m~= 1]74`]2 al6l2j]Ö3hj 6lÖ siy2lÖ3]8hj~= lÖ4h~= sl6` 6lÖ 8]rjl ]7]m~-}
	{\textbf{Erthygl 2.} Y mae gan bawb hawl i'r holl hawliau a'r rhyddfreintiau a nodir yn y Datganiad hwn, heb unrhyw wahaniaeth o gwbl, yn arbennig unrhyw wahaniaeth hil, lliw, rhyw, iaith, crefydd, barn boliticaidd neu unrhyw farn arall, tarddiad cenedlaethol neu gymdeithasol, eiddo, geni neu safle arall.}

	\example
	{iyTlm]d~= 6` 4ij`2 x]9]6`]Ö3\textasciitilde\ ]7 8]Öj 8]rjl qhj`1`a]Ör~= sir7lÖ3`hj 6] di2.j]2hj \textasciitilde 6uié ½.j]2 6lÖ 2`7`hs]Ö3 i y]Ö q]éw i6 ql73i6 `4`~= q\textasciitilde 6 ]Ö ié 9h5h6 ]5`wi5hj~= 2]6 6]é4~= 9lw 9\textasciitilde 6]6jinh27]Ö3~= 6lÖ 2]6 \textasciitilde 6uié sirisP`]2 ]7]m ]7 lÖ 8hr7]6`]Ö3~-}
	{Ymhellach, ni ddylid gwahaniaethu ar sail safle politicaidd, gyfreithiol na chydwladol unrhyw wlad neu diriogaeth y mae pawb yn perthyn iddi, p’un ai yw honno’n annibynnol, dan nawdd, heb hunanlywodraeth, neu dan unrhyw gyfyngiad arall ar ei sofraniaeth.}

	\example
	{\textbf{=-l73isj ò-=} i y]Ö s]6 w]éw 9]éj ` rini4~= ui4`2 ] 2`hslj.d~-}
	{\textbf{Erthygl 3.} Y mae gan bawb hawl i fywyd, rhyddid a diogelwch.}
%	\example
%	{lÖ6 1]2 = i7 9.6 ni1 i6 i 6lr.l4~=~$/$
%	8]ga1lÖ4`l7 2i l6.~=~$/$
%	2ljl2 2i 2lÖ76]8~=~$/$
%	s.6ljl7 2i lnimi8 = yls`8 i6 i7 6lr~=~$/$
%	rlmi ]7 i 4]l]7 9lri2~=~$/$
%	2i7h ` 6` 9l4`n lÖ6 w]7] wlÖ6i4`hj 4i6l4l2~$/$
%	] y]4]Ö ` 6` lÖ6 2ijl2`h6~=~$/$
%	rlj i y]4lÖ.6 6`5]Ö ` 6 2ijl2ni7~-~$/$
%	]a 6]a ]7n]Ö6 6` ` w7hrl2`s]l3 - lÖ37 x]7l2 6` u]s 27.s~-~$/$
%	a]7i8 lÖ4h1 1` in 7 2lÖ76]8 = ] 7 6l73 = ] 7 shsh6`]1p = i6 hl8 hl8hl4~-~$/$
%	]yl6 -}
%	{Ein Tad, yr hwn wyt yn y nefoedd,~/
%    Sancteiddier dy enw,~/
%    Deled dy deyrnas,~/
%    Gwneler dy ewyllys, megis yn yr nef,~/
%    felly ar y ddaear hefyd.~/
%    Dyro i ni heddiw ein bara beunyddiol dynedded~/
%    A maddau i ni ein dyledion,~/
%    fel y maddeuwn ninnau i'n dyledwyr.~/
%    Ac nac arwain ni i brofedigaeth; eithr gwared ni rhag drwg.~/
%    Canys eiddot ti yw'r deyrnas, a'r nerth, a'r gogoniant, yn oes oesoedd.~/
%	Amen.}
\end{parcolumns}

%*** I'm not a native Welsh speaker. I can read Welsh well, but I have very limited experience with spoken Welsh. Thus, if you have located a mistake ***
\end{document}
